PROBIS
Book a Demo
Calculate · Pro Forma and Budgeting

Do you know the price at which the project is no longer profitable?

PROBIS Calculate uses templates, versions, and scenarios to forecast costs and revenue in order to identify the most profitable option, and then generates ongoing budget and revenue forecasts.

Get More Out of Your Existing ERP System

PROBIS integrates directly with SAP, MS Dynamics, Oracle, and Yardi, providing the key metrics you need without disrupting your operations.

Munich Tower II — Feasibility Study v3 · PROBIS Calculate
Overview
Cost Elements
Revenue
Cash flow
Scenarios
Munich Tower II

Munich Tower II

Munich · Office

Residual Land Value
€18.4M
Project Margin
14.2%
Maximum Financing Need
€58,78M
Gross Value (GDV)
€175,83M
Average Monthly Cash Outflow
€80.95 million / 24 months
M1M6M12M18M24
Cost Allocation
300 Building Structures€42,93M
100 land€17,14M
400 Mechanical, Electrical, and Plumbing (MEP) Systems€11,21M
700 Construction-Related Expenses€5,77M
Total project costs€80,95M
Calculate · Feasibility

Do you know the price at which the project is no longer profitable?

Every assessment has a critical point. PROBIS Calculate highlights it and then uses the model as a binding basis for the budget, which all stakeholders use as a guide.

Get More Out of Your Existing ERP System

PROBIS integrates directly with SAP, MS Dynamics, Oracle, and Yardi, providing the key metrics you need without disrupting your operations.

Austin Tower II — Feasibility v3 · PROBIS Calculate
Overview
Cost elements
Revenue
Cash flow
Scenarios
Austin Tower II

Austin Tower II

Austin, TX · Office

Residual land value
$20.2M
Project margin
14.2%
Peak funding
$67.9M
GDV
$203.1M
Monthly outflow
$93.5 million / 24 months
M1M6M12M18M24
Cost Allocation
300 Building Shell$49.59M
100 Countries$19.80M
400 Building Services (MEP)$12.95M
700 Soft Costs$6.67M
Total project cost$93.50M
Pro Forma & Scenario Planning

Calculate. Adjust. Compare.

PROBIS Calculate uses your key figures to generate a pro forma statement, allows you to adjust each assumption, and compares costs, revenues, and financing—before a scenario becomes a budget.

Go to the Scenario Simulator
01
Key-Figure-Based Costing
02
From the Big Picture to the Details
03
Costs, Revenues, and Financing
04
Cost & Revenue Planning
Step 01 of 04

Key-Figure-Based Costing

Initial calculation based on areas, key figures, and benchmarks.

Costing Module
Step 02 of 04

From the Big Picture to the Details

The cost estimate expands as the project progresses, from cost groups down to individual line items.

Costing Module
Step 03 of 04

Costs, Revenues, and Financing

Costs, Revenues, and Financing in an Integrated Model.

Costing Module
Step 04 of 04

Cost & Revenue Planning

Time-based allocation of costs and revenues for reliable planning.

Costing Module
01 · Calculate

Key-Figure-Based Costing

Start with the key metrics that guide the project, such as €/m² of gross floor area or €/unit. Set target values, simulate scenarios, and develop a robust budget—from the concept phase through detailed planning.

  • Costing at the Key Metric Level
  • Budget per square meter of gross floor area (GFA)
  • Quick Scenario Creation
02 · Customize

From the Big Picture to the Fine Details

Do you plan roughly or calculate each item in detail? Costs are structured and categorized, and any assumption can be adjusted at any time without having to rebuild the model.

  • Top-down and Bottom-up Costing
  • Customizable structure
  • Comparison and Version Management
03 · Compare

Overview of Costs, Revenues, and Financing

Look beyond the costs: Compare them with the expected revenues and assess the financing needs for each scenario. Structured overviews support decision-making at every stage of the project.

  • Cost-Revenue Comparison
  • Automatic Determination of Financing Needs
  • Custom Financing Structures
04 · Monitor

Intelligent Cost and Revenue Planning

Once a scenario is selected, automated forecasts keep it on track: deviations from the planned budget are visible in real time, not just in the next report.

  • Keeping an Eye on Margins and Sales Targets
  • Custom Benchmark System
  • Dynamic Project Overview
Pro Forma & Scenario Planning

Calculate. Adjust. Compare.

PROBIS Calculate uses your key figures to generate a pro forma statement, allows you to adjust each assumption, and compares costs, revenues, and financing—before a scenario becomes a budget.

Go to the Scenario Simulator
01
Key-Figure-Based Costing
02
From the Big Picture to the Details
03
Costs, Revenues, and Financing
04
Cost & Revenue Planning
Step 01 of 04

Key-Figure-Based Costing

Initial calculation based on areas, key figures, and benchmarks.

Costing Module
Step 02 of 04

From the Big Picture to the Details

The cost estimate expands as the project progresses, from cost groups down to individual line items.

Costing Module
Step 03 of 04

Costs, Revenues, and Financing

Costs, Revenues, and Financing in an Integrated Model.

Costing Module
Step 04 of 04

Cost & Revenue Planning

Time-based allocation of costs and revenues for reliable planning.

Costing Module
01 · Calculate

Key-Figure-Based Costing

Start with the key metrics that guide the project, such as $/m² of gross floor area or $/unit. Set target values, simulate scenarios, and develop a robust budget—from the concept phase through detailed planning.

  • Costing at the Key Metric Level
  • Budget per square meter of gross floor area (GFA)
  • Quick Scenario Creation
02 · Customize

From the Big Picture to the Fine Details

Do you plan roughly or calculate each item in detail? Costs are structured and categorized, and any assumption can be adjusted at any time without having to rebuild the model.

  • Top-down and Bottom-up Costing
  • Customizable structure
  • Comparison and Version Management
03 · Compare

Overview of Costs, Revenues, and Financing

Look beyond the costs: Compare them with the expected revenues and assess the financing needs for each scenario. Structured overviews support decision-making at every stage of the project.

  • Cost-Revenue Comparison
  • Automatic Determination of Financing Needs
  • Custom Financing Structures
04 · Monitor

Intelligent Cost and Revenue Planning

Once a scenario is selected, automated forecasts keep it on track: deviations from the planned budget are visible in real time, not just in the next report.

  • Keeping an Eye on Margins and Sales Targets
  • Custom Benchmark System
  • Dynamic Project Overview

how it works

Living Near the Train Station
Live
 
 
 
 
 
Create Project
Master Data & Fundamentals
Catalog
DIN 276 ▾
GFA
12,400 m²
VAT
19 %
Currency
EUR ▾
Calculation
Gross
Net
Cancel
Create
01

Set up a project

Create the project, select the cost catalog, and specify areas, VAT, currency, and calculation method

Living Near the Train Station
Live
 
 
 
 
 
Costs
✓ From a template
KG
Budget
▾
100
Land
17.1 million
▸
200
Preparatory Measures
1.2 million
▾
300
Structural Engineering
42.9 million
310
Excavation pit
3.8 million
330
Exterior Walls
9.6 million
▸
400
Technical Systems
11.2 million
▸
700
Ancillary costs
5.8 million
Total
€93.5 million
02

Build the model

Import cost elements and costing bases from an existing template, or create them directly in the user interface.

Living Near the Train Station
Live
 
 
 
 
 
Schedule & Cash Flow
2026
2027
Q1
Q3
Q1
Q3
100 plots
 
300 Building Structures
 
400 TGA
 
700 subsidiary companies
 
Revenue
 
Cash Outflow
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
03

Set a Schedule

Set up a schedule for each cost element and view the resulting cash flow.

Living Near the Train Station
Live
 
 
 
 
 
Scenarios
Margin · IRR · Peak
A
✓
Basic
Margin
14,2 %
IRR
11,8 %
Top million
67,9
 
B
More WE
Margin
12,6 %
IRR
10,9 %
Top million
71,4
 
C
Later
Margin
9,8 %
IRR
9,2 %
Top million
64,0
 
04

Compare Scenarios

Create and compare different scenarios, and identify the one you want to approve for implementation.

Living Near the Train Station
Live
 
 
 
 
 
Approve Scenario A
Will become a binding budget
✓
Costs
€93.5 million
✓
Revenue
109.0 million euros
✓
Cash flow
24 months
Share
↓
PROBIS Control
Budget v1 Active
Sync ✓
05

Share Project

Approve the selected scenario and make it a binding budget in PROBIS Control—without having to re-enter any data.

how it works

Living Near the Train Station
Live
 
 
 
 
 
Create Project
Master Data & Fundamentals
Catalog
.............. ▾
GFA
12,400 m²
VAT
19 %
Currency
USD ▾
Calculation
Gross
Net
Cancel
Create
01

Set up a project

Create the project, select the cost catalog, and specify areas, VAT, currency, and calculation method

Living Near the Train Station
Live
 
 
 
 
 
Costs
✓ From a template
KG
Budget
▾
100
Land
17.1 M
▸
200
Preparatory Measures
1.2 M
▾
300
Structural Engineering
42.9 M
310
Excavation pit
3.8 Wed
330
Exterior Walls
9.6 M
▸
400
Technical Systems
11.2 M
▸
700
Ancillary costs
5.8 M
Total
$93.5 million
02

Build the model

Import cost elements and costing bases from an existing template, or create them directly in the user interface.

Living Near the Train Station
Live
 
 
 
 
 
Schedule & Cash Flow
2026
2027
Q1
Q3
Q1
Q3
100 plots
 
300 Building Structures
 
400 TGA
 
700 subsidiary companies
 
Revenue
 
Cash Outflow
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
03

Set a Schedule

Set up a schedule for each cost element and view the resulting cash flow.

Living Near the Train Station
Live
 
 
 
 
 
Scenarios
Margin · IRR · Peak
A
✓
Basic
Margin
14.2 %
IRR
11.8 %
Top million
67.9
 
B
More WE
Margin
12.6 %
IRR
10.9 %
Top million
71.4
 
C
Later
Margin
9.8 %
IRR
9.2 %
Top million
64.0
 
04

Compare Scenarios

Create and compare different scenarios, and identify the one you want to approve for implementation.

Living Near the Train Station
Live
 
 
 
 
 
Approve Scenario A
Will become a binding budget
✓
Costs
$93.5 million
✓
Revenue
$109.0 million
✓
Cash flow
24 months
Share
↓
PROBIS Control
Budget v1 Active
Sync ✓
05

Share Project

Approve the selected scenario and make it a binding budget in PROBIS Control—without having to re-enter any data.

Case Studies · Calculate

Five programs that begin with a PROBIS calculation.

From a 76-hectare urban district to a Berlin landmark to a Platinum-certified office building. Select a project to learn more.

Siemensstadt Square, Berlin-Spandau
01 / 05
Siemensstadt Square
Berlin-Spandau
Case Study · Urban Neighborhood

76 hectares, many construction phases, one cost estimate.

Siemens is transforming its historic industrial site in Berlin-Spandau into a mixed-use urban district featuring offices, approximately 3,750 apartments, a school, and an innovation campus—an investment worth billions across approximately 76 hectares. A project of this scale cannot be calculated like a single building: Each construction phase requires its own timeline, its own cost structure, and its own outcome. PROBIS Calculate maps out the neighborhood section by section; Contract and Control then carry that same structure forward into the procurement and implementation phases.

Read the full project profile
Project area76 ha
Residential unitsapprox. 3,750
ImplementationIn construction phases
Client
Siemens
Size
76 ha
Time period
Since 2024
Modules
Calculate · Contract · Control
FOUR Frankfurt Tower 1
02 / 05
FOUR Frankfurt T1
Frankfurt am Main
Case Study · Corporate Headquarters

Germany's tallest office floor—budgeted before the move.

Cushman & Wakefield is relocating its German headquarters to Tower 1 of FOUR Frankfurt. The tower is approximately 233 meters tall, has 55 floors, a gross floor area of approximately 136,000 m², and features Germany’s highest office floor. PROBIS Calculate provides a quantity-based cost model for the project starting in the earliest planning phase; Contract and Control continue to use the same structure during the bidding and implementation phases.

Read the full project profile
Tower height233 m
Floors55
Gross floor areaapprox. 136,000 m²
Client
Cushman & Wakefield
Size (Gross Floor Area)
approx. 136,000 m²
Time period
Since 2024
Modules
Calculate · Contract · Control
Jorge Chávez International Airport, Lima
03 / 05
Jorge Chávez Airport
Lima, Peru
Case Study · Airport Program

Three parallel packages, one consolidated budget.

The modernization of Jorge Chávez International Airport in Lima was not a single, linear construction project, but rather three parallel, interdependent phases: a new passenger terminal, a second runway, and a new control tower—together representing an investment of approximately 1.5 to 2 billion USD. The runway and control tower went into operation in April 2023, and the terminal opened in June 2025. PROBIS consolidates the three packages into a single view. Since Lima Airport Partners is a Fraport subsidiary, this view integrates seamlessly into the Group’s financial reporting.

Read the full project profile
Parallel Packages3
Investment volume$1.5–2 billion
Terminal OpeningJune 2025
Client
Lima Airport Partners
Size
1.5–2 billion USD
Time period
Commissioning: 2023–2025
Modules
Calculate · Control · Manage
Vizcaya 12, Madrid
04 / 05
Vizcaya12
Madrid, Spain
Case Study · Sustainable Office

Platinum Goals, priced in from the start.

Vizcaya12 is an office building in the heart of Madrid that is aiming for LEED Platinum certification and the first WELL Platinum certification in the Madrid region. A highly transparent glass facade provides natural light to the flexible open-plan offices. Such goals drive up costs for the facade, building services, and interior finishes—which is why they must be included in the initial cost estimate rather than in a change order. PROBIS Calculate managed the cost model throughout the project period from 2021 to 2022.

Read the full project profile
Office space3,500 m²
GoalLEED Platinum
In the region1. WELL Platinum
Client
[Client]
Size
3,500 m²
Time period
2021–2022
Modules
Calculate · Control · Contract
At Tacheles, Berlin-Mitte
05 / 05
At Tacheles
Berlin-Mitte
Case Study · Mixed-Use Neighborhood

Living, working, and shopping in a historic Berlin neighborhood.

PWR Development has developed “Am Tacheles,” an 85,000 m² mixed-use neighborhood in Berlin-Mitte—featuring apartments, offices, and retail spaces. At the heart of the project is the Tacheles, the art museum and event center that has shaped Berlin’s cultural scene for years. A project like this cannot be measured by a simple average, as each use has its own costs, revenues, and risks. PROBIS supported the development from 2018 to 2023, using Calculate, Contract, and Control within a single cost structure.

Read the full project profile
Area85,000 m²
UsesResidential · Office · Retail
Time Period2018–2023
Client
PWR Development
Size
85,000 m²
Time period
2018–2023
Modules
Calculate · Contract · Control
All Case Studies

One Model, Different Perspectives

Scenario
Modeling & Scenario Simulator

"What if"
without taking the model apart.

Copy the base scenario, adjust key assumptions, and compare results directly—all on a single screen. One project, multiple future scenarios—instead of four files with similar names.

Comparisons that stand the test of time.

A verifiable price floor.

A reproducible committee document.

Key figureBase CaseCosts +8%Rental −2 Q Combined
Project Margin14,2%9.8%11.6%6.1%
Residual land value€20.2 million12.3 million euros17.5 million euros8.1 million euros
Financing Peak€67.9 million73.6 million euros75.0 million euros81.5 million euros
Loan-to-Cost Ratio68%72%71%76%
Scenario
Modeling & Scenario Simulator

Ask "what if" without breaking the model.

Copy the base case, adjust whatever concerns you, and compare the results side by side on the same screen. Not four files with similar names—one project, several possible outcomes.

Comparisons that remain valid.

A negotiating position you can substantiate.

A committee pack that’s reproducible.

MetricBase caseCost +8%Leasing −2QCombined
Project margin14.2%9.8%11.6%6.1%
Residual land value$20.2M$12.3M$17.5M$8.1M
Peak funding$67.9M$73.6M$75.0M$81.5M
Loan-to-Cost Ratio68%72%71%76%

A project estimate that isn't an Excel spreadsheet

Complete cost and revenue structure in accordance with DIN 276, your own structure, or that of your client.

  • Quantity, Unit, Unit Price, and Time Allocation per Element
  • Revenue Model for Sales, Leasing, and Mixed-Use Development
  • Residual Land Value, Price Cap, and Margin in Real Time
  • Phases and Milestones by Scenario
Cost Elements — DIN 276 · net · EUR
Cost Elements – Overview
Catalog: DIN 276Level 1Filter
Cost GroupQuantityUnitUnit PriceTotal
100 land4.200,00square feet4.714,2919.800.000
200 Site Preparation & Development1,00psch2.035.0002.035.000
300 Building Construction18.400,00m² gross floor area2.695,0049.588.000
400 Technical Systems18.400,00m² gross floor area704,0012.953.600
500 outdoor facilities2.200,00square feet495,001.089.000
600 Features1,00psch1.364.0001.364.000
700 Construction-Related Expenses13,5%—6.670.400
Total (net)93.500.000
Residual land value€20.2 million
Maximum Purchase Price€24.1 million
Margin on Costs14.2%

A project estimate that isn't an Excel spreadsheet

Complete cost and revenue structure according to DIN 276, your own structure, or that of your client.

  • Quantity, Unit, Unit Price, and Time Allocation per Element
  • Revenue Model for Sales, Leasing, and Mixed-Use Development
  • Residual Land Value, Price Cap, and Margin in Real Time
  • Phases and Milestones by Scenario
Cost Elements — Standard Cost Structure · Net · USD
Cost Element Overview
Catalog: Standard Cost StructureLevel 1Filter
Cost categoryQuantityUnitUnit rateTotal
100 Countries45,208.00sq ft437.9819,800,000
200 Sitework1.00LS2,035,0002,035,000
300 Building Shell198,056.00sq ft GFA250.3749,588,000
400 Building Services (MEP)198,056.00sq ft GFA65.4012,953,600
500 Site Improvements23,681.00sq ft45.991,089,000
600 FF&E1.00LS1,364,0001,364,000
700 Soft Costs13.5%—6,670,400
Grand total (net)93,500,000
Residual land value$20.2M
Purchase price cap$24.1 million
Margin on cost14.2%
Cash Flow — Monthly Cash Outflow · S-Curve
Cumulative Cash Outflow
Munich Tower II · 24 months
Monthly
Cumulative
 
Monthly figures
 
Is
 
Forecast
 
Plan
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
TODAY
 
FINANCING PEAK
€67.9 million · M19
million euros
100
75
50
25
0
M1
M6
M12
M18
M24
Total Cost
€93.5 million
within budget
Financing Peak
€67.9 million
in Month 19
Financing Costs
5.4 million euros
5.8% of the costs
Loan-to-Cost Ratio
68 %
 

Cash Flow Before Money Changes Hands

A profitable project can fail due to timing issues. Schedule each element and view the cash flow directly from the model.

  • Schedule and Cash Flow Views of the Same Data
  • Equity Peak and Funding Gap Already Factored into the Calculation
  • Financing costs calculated based on cash outflows, not estimated
  • Cash Flow per Construction Phase for Phased and Multi-Site Projects
Cash flow — monthly drawdown · S-curve
Cumulative drawdown
Austin Tower II · 24 months
Monthly
Cumulative
 
Monthly
 
Actual
 
Forecast
 
Plan
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
TODAY
 
PEAK FUNDING
$67.9M · M19
$M
100
75
50
25
0
M1
M6
M12
M18
M24
Total project cost
$93.5M
on budget
Peak funding
$67.9M
in month 19
Finance cost
$5.4M
5.8% of the cost
Loan-to-Cost Ratio
68%
 

Cash Flow Before Money Changes Hands

A profitable project can fail due to timing issues. Schedule each element and view the cash flow directly from the model.

  • Schedule and Cash Flow Views of the Same Data
  • Equity Peak and Funding Gap Already Factored into the Calculation
  • Financing costs calculated based on cash outflows, not estimated
  • Cash Flow by Construction Phase for Phased and Multi-Site Projects

Calculated using actual construction costs

The construction cost is the biggest risk at the beginning—start by using benchmarks from completed projects.

  • Regional Factors and Construction Cost Indexation
  • Your own invoiced projects, by usage type and standard
  • Reusable Templates by Type of Use and Equipment Standard
  • Trend Analysis by Milestone: How the Cost Estimate Has Evolved
Benchmarking — €/m² gross floor area · completed projects
RegionBerlin
Type of UseResidential
Index BaseQ2 2026
Comparison in €/m² · KG 300 + 400
Average: 3,300 €/m²
ProjectAlpha: 25,900 m² · 320 residential units
3.570
ProjectBeta: 16,500 m² · 240 residential units
2.975
Gamma Project: 31,200 m² · 410 residential units
3.980
Delta Project: 22,800 m² · 285 residential units
3.250
NordbahnhofII: This Estimate · 18,400 m²
3.399
01,0002,0003,0004,0005,000 €/m²

Calculated using actual construction costs

The construction cost is the biggest risk at the outset; start by using benchmarks from completed projects.

  • Regional Factors and Construction Cost Indexation
  • Your own invoiced projects, by usage type and standard
  • Reusable Templates by Type of Use and Equipment Standard
  • Trend Analysis by Milestone: How the Cost Estimate Has Evolved
Benchmarking — $/sq ft GFA · completed projects
RegionAustin
Asset classResidential
Index baseQ2 2026
$/sq ft comparison · Construction + MEP
Average $750 per square foot
ProjectAlpha: 278,800 sq ft · 320 units
797
ProjectBeta: 177,600 sq ft · 240 units
664
ProjectGamma: 335,800 sq ft · 410 units
889
ProjectDelta: 245,400 sq ft · 285 units
725
Austin TowerII: this appraisal · 198,100 sq ft
758
0200400600800$1,000/sq ft
In Out
PROBIS calculate Live
Excel and CSV cost catalogs
Market and construction cost indices
BIM and CAD Area Schedules
Your own historical project data
The approved budget, to Control
Investment Committee Pack (PDF)
Cash Flow Model (Excel)
Dashboard and Widget Reports
catalog index schedule history budget IC package cash flow dashboard
In Out
PROBIS calculate Live
Excel and CSV cost catalogs
Market and construction cost indices
BIM and CAD Area Schedules
Your own historical project data
The approved budget, to Control
Investment Committee Pack (PDF)
Cash Flow Model (Excel)
Dashboard and Widget Reports
catalog index schedule history budget IC package cash flow dashboard

Also in Calculate

Maximum Purchase Price

The highest land price at which your minimum return is still achieved.

Construction Phases and Stages

Separate construction phases, each with its own timeline and outcome.

Sensitivity Tables

Margin and return using a two-variable matrix.

Templates by Type of Use

One entry-level model per product type and quality standard.

Custom Fields

Capture the data your investment process needs—for every property.

Version History and Snapshots

Labeled, dated, reproducible.

Sales Tax and Tax Logic

Net and gross views are available throughout the system and are configured at the project level.

Excel Import

Import existing catalogs, cost elements, and structures using a template file.

Dashboard Widgets

The cost estimate summary that your committee actually reads.

Frequently Asked Questions

Can PROBIS replace our Excel spreadsheet?+

Yes—as a rule, the existing model is imported rather than built from scratch. Cost catalogs, cost elements, and structures are imported via a template file. The difference is that the model is no longer separate from the project; instead, it becomes the budget—and remains up to date.

Does Calculate compute the residual land value?+

Yes. You specify a target margin or target return, and Calculate calculates the maximum land price—and updates it as soon as costs, revenues, or deadlines change.

How many scenarios are possible?+

Virtually unlimited. Scenarios are contained within the project and share its structure; creating an additional scenario does not generate a second file that needs to be maintained.

Where do the benchmark construction costs come from?+

From completed projects in the PROBIS database, adjusted for region, type of use, and construction cost index—and, if available, from your own project history in the system.

Can mixed-use developments be represented?+

Yes. Costs and revenues can be broken down by construction phase, type of use, and unit. A mixed-use project combining residential and retail space is therefore a project in which each use has its own separate financial viability.

Moving Forward in the Project Cycle

Include a real project
in the demo.

We'll work with you to prepare the profitability analysis during our meeting and show you under what assumptions it no longer holds true.

Security & Compliance

ISO 27001 certified. Built for institutional auditing.

Financial data for real estate projects must meet the requirements of lenders, investors, and regulatory authorities. Our risk management framework withstands even the most thorough scrutiny, going far beyond simple checklists.

ISO 27001
✓ Audited annually
✓ GDPR-compliant data processing
✓ Data is stored in the EU by default; other options are available
✓ Encryption during storage and transmission